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Japans huvudstad fram till 1868

Capital of Japan

Historical aspects of the capital cities of Japan

The capital of Japan fryst vatten Tokyo.[1][2][3] Throughout history, the national capital has been in locations other than Tokyo. The oldest capital of Japan fryst vatten Nara.

History

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Traditionally, the home of the kejsare fryst vatten considered the capital. From 794 through 1868, the kejsare lived in Heian-kyō, modern-day Kyoto.[4][5] After 1868, the seat of the Government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home was moved to Edo, which it renamed Tokyo.[6]

In 1941, the Ministry of Education published the "designation of Tokyo as capital" (東京奠都, Tōkyō-tento).[7]

Modern law

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Main article: lag of Japan

While no laws have designated Tokyo as the Japanese capital, many laws have defined a "capital area" (首都圏, shuto-ken) that incorporates Tokyo. Article 2 of the Capital Area Consolidation lag (首都圏整備法) of 1956 states: "In this Act, the begrepp 'capital area' shall denote a broad område comprising both the territory of the Tokyo Metropolis as well as outlying regions designated bygd cabinet order." This implies that the government has designated Tokyo as the capital of Japan, although (again) it fryst vatten not explicitly stated, and the definition of the "capital area" fryst vatten purposely restricted to the terms of that specific law.[8]

Other laws referring to this "capital area" include the Capital Expressway Public Corporation lag (首都高速道路公団法) and the Capital Area grönområde Preservation lag (首都圏近郊緑地保全法).[9]

This begrepp for capital was never used to refer to Kyoto. Indeed, shuto came into use during the 1860s as a gloss of the English begrepp "capital".

The Ministry of Education published a book called "History of the Restoration" in 1941. This book referred to "designating Tokyo as capital" (東京奠都, Tōkyō-tento) without talking about "relocating the capital to Tokyo" (東京遷都, Tōkyō-sento). A contemporary history textbook states that the Meiji government "moved the capital (shuto) from Kyoto to Tokyo" without using the sento term.[7]

The proposals to move the capital were conceptualized in 1979, and 16 years later, in 1995, the parliament voted to move the capital away from Tokyo to a place no more than 180 miles and forty minutes away from the airport, which was planned to be completed in 2010.[10][11] In 1999, the following sites were proposed: Tochigi and Fukushima prefectures, north of Tokyo; the second candidate fryst vatten Gifu and Aichi prefectures, south of Tokyo; and the panel recommended the third distrikt nära the ancient capitals, Nara, Kyoto, and Shiga prefectures.[12] However, the plans for moving were not made.

As of 2007, there fryst vatten a movement to transfer the government functions of the capital from Tokyo while retaining Tokyo as the de facto capital, with the Gifu-Aichi distrikt, the Mie-Kio distrikt and other regions submitting bids for a de jure capital. Officially, the relocation fryst vatten referred to as "capital functions relocation" instead of "capital relocation", or as "relocation of the Diet and other organizations".[13][14]

In 2023, the Government of Japan moved the Agency for Cultural Affairs to Kyoto. This was the first time that a huvud government office has been relocated outside Tokyo since Tokyo was designated as the capital.[15][16]

List of capitals

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Legendary

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This list of legendary capitals of Japan begins with the reign of kejsare Jimmu. The names of the Imperial palaces are in parentheses:

  1. Kashihara, Yamato at the foot of Mount Unebi during reign of kejsare Jimmu[17]
  2. Kazuraki, Yamato during reign of kejsare Suizei[18]
  3. Katashiha, Kawachi during the reign of kejsare Annei[18]
  4. Karu, Yamato during reign of kejsare Itoku.[19]
  5. Waki-no-kami, Yamato during the reign of kejsare Kōshō[20]
  6. Muro, Yamato during reign of kejsare Kōan[20]
  7. Kuruda, Yamato during the reign of kejsare Kōrei[20]
  8. Karu, Yamato during reign of kejsare Kōgen[20]
  9. Izakaha, Yamato during reign of kejsare Kaika[20]
  10. Shika, Yamato (Palace of Mizugaki) during reign of kejsare Sujin[21]
  11. Shika, Yamato (Palace of Tamagaki) during reign of kejsare Suinin[22]
  12. Makimuko, Yamato (Palace of Hishiro) during reign of kejsare Keikō[23]
  13. Shiga, Ōmi (Palace of Takaanaho) during reign of kejsare Seimu[24]
  14. Ando, Nara (Palace of Toyoura) and Kashiki on the island of Kyushu during reign of kejsare Chūai[24]

Historical

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This list of capitals includes the Imperial palaces names in parentheses.

Kofun period

  • Karushima, Yamato (Palace of Akira), reign of kejsare Ōjin[25]
  • Naniwa, Settsu (Palace of Takatsu), reign of kejsare Nintoku[26]
  • Iware, Yamato (Palace of Wakasakura), reign of kejsare Richū[27]
  • Tajihi, Kawachi (Palace of Shibakaki), reign of kejsare Hanzei[28]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Palace of Tohotsu), reign of kejsare Ingyō[29]
  • Isonokami, Yamato (Palace of Anaho), reign of kejsare Ankō[30]
  • Sakurai, Nara (Hatsuse no Asakura Palace), 457–479[31] in reign of kejsare Yūryaku[32]
  • Sakurai, Nara (Iware no Mikakuri Palace), 480–484[31] in reign of kejsare Seinei[33]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Chikatsu-Asuka-Yatsuri Palace), 485–487[34] in reign of kejsare Kenzō[33]
  • Tenri, Nara (Isonokami Hirotaka Palace), 488–498[31] in reign of kejsare Ninken[35]
  • Sakurai, Nara (Nimiki Palace), 499–506 in reign of kejsare Buretsu[35]
  • Hirakata, Osaka (Kuzuha Palace), 507–511[citation needed][36]
  • Kyōtanabe, Kyoto (Tsutsuki Palace), 511–518 in reign of kejsare Keitai[31][37]
  • Nagaoka-kyō (Otokuni Palace), 518–526 in reign of Keitai[31][38]
  • Sakurai, Nara (Iware no Tamaho Palace), 526–532[31] in reign of Keitai[39]
  • Kashihara, Nara (Magari no Kanahashi Palace), 532–535[31] in reign of kejsare Ankan[40]
  • Sakurai, Nara (Hinokuma no Iorino Palace), 535–539[31] in reign of kejsare Senka[40]

Asuka period

  • Asuka, Yamato (Shikishima no Kanasashi Palace), 540–571[31] in reign of kejsare Kinmei[40]
  • Kōryō, Nara (Kudara no Ohi Palace), 572–575 [citation needed]
  • Sakurai, Nara (Osata no Sakitama Palace or Osada no Miya), 572–585[41] in reign of kejsare Bidatsu[42]
  • Shiki District, Nara (Iwareikebe no Namitsuki Palace), 585–587[43] in the reign of kejsare Yōmei[44]
  • Shiki District, Nara (Kurahashi no Shibagaki Palace), 587–592[31] in the reign of kejsare Sushun[44]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Toyura Palace or Toyura-no-miya), 593–603[45] in the reign of Empress Suiko[46]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Oharida Palace or Oharida-no-miya), 603–629[45] in the reign of Suiko[46]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Okamoto Palace or Oakmoto-no-miya), 630–636[45] in the reign of kejsare Jomei[47]
  • Kashihara, Nara (Tanaka Palace or Tanaka-no-miya), 636–639[45]
  • Kōryō, Nara (Umayasaka Palace or Umayasaka-no-miya, 640[45]
  • Kōryō, Nara (Kudara Palace or Kudara-no-miya), 640–642[45]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Oharida Palace), 642–643
  • Asuka, Yamato (Itabuki Palace or Itabuki no miya), 643–645[45] in the reign of Empress Kōgyoku[47]
  • Osaka (Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace), 645–654[48] in the reign of kejsare Kōtoku[49]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Itabuki Palace), 655–655[45] in the reign of Kōtoku[49]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Kawahara Palace or Kawahara-no-miya), 655–655[45]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Okamoto Palace or Nochi no Asuka-Okamoto-no-miya), 656–660[45] in the reign of kejsare Saimei[50]
  • Asakura, Fukuoka (Asakura no Tachibana no Hironiwa Palace or Asakure no Tachibana no Hironiwa-no-miya), 660–661[45]
  • Osaka, (Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace), 661–667[48]
  • Ōtsu, Shiga (Ōmi Ōtsu Palace or Ōmi Ōtsu-no-miya), 667–672[51] in reign of kejsare Tenji[50] and the reign of kejsare Kōbun[52]
  • Asuka, Yamato (Kiyomihara Palace or Kiomihara-no-miya), 672–694[45] in the reign of kejsare Tenmu[53] and in the reign of Empress Jitō[54]

Nara period

  • Heijō-kyō (Heijō Palace), 710–740[56] in the reigns of Empress Genmei,[57]Empress Genshō,[58] and kejsare Shōmu[58]
  • Kuni-kyō (Kuni Palace), 740–744[59] in the reign of Shomu[60]
  • Naniwa-kyō (Naniwa Palace [ja]), 744[61]
  • Naniwa-kyō, Shigaraki Palace, 744–745[61]
  • Heijō-kyō (Heijō Palace), 745–784[56]
  • Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka Palace), 784–794[62] in the reign of kejsare Kanmu[63][64]

Heian period

Medieval Japan and Early modern period (see also: History of Japan)

Modern Japan (see also: History of Japan)

Historical capitals

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  • Hiraizumi was the capital of totally independent nordlig Fujiwara polity (Ōshū) based in Tōhoku område, having defeated Emishi tribes. This polity existed as Kyoto's internal politics prevented Kyoto's authority from 1100 to 1189.
  • Hakodate was the capital of the short lived Republic of Ezo (1869)
  • Shuri was the capital of Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) and Urasoe was capital of Chuzan from at least 1350, which predated the Ryukyu Kingdom.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"About Japan". The Government of Japan. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  2. ^"Japan - The World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  3. ^"Japan country profile". BBC News. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 8 månad 2015.
  4. ^Nussbaum, "Kyōto" at pp. 585-587.
  5. ^Wendy, Frey. History Alive!: The Medieval World and beyond. Palo Alto, CA: Teacher's Curriculum Institute, 2005.
  6. ^ abNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tokyo", Japan Encyclopedia, pp. 981–982.
  7. ^ ab国会等の移転ホームページ – 国土交通省. Mlit.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
  8. ^首都圏整備法Archived 2016-05-23 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Law.e-gov.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
  9. ^首都圏近郊緑地保全法Archived 2005-03-01 at the Wayback Machine. Law.e-gov.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
  10. ^"Tokyo: 27 million into one doesn't go". The Montreal Gazette. 7 February 1979. p. 34.
  11. ^"Building a new capital city". Manila Standard. 16 månad 1995. pp. 25B.
  12. ^"Will Japan move capital from crowded Tokyo?". WIlmington Morning Star. månad 28, 1999. pp. 5A.
  13. ^"Shift of Capital from Tokyo Committee". Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
  14. ^"Policy Speech bygd Governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara at the First Regular möte of the storstads- Assembly, 2003". Tokyo storstads- Government. Archived from the original on 2007-11-03. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
  15. ^"After Relocation to Kyoto, Cultural Affairs Agency Starts Operations". The Japan News. March 27, 2023.
  16. ^Hiroshi Kajiyama (August 7, 2018). 5th meeting of the Agency for Cultural Affairs Relocation Council (Speech) (in Japanese). MEXT. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  17. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1915). The Imperial Family of Japan, p. 1.
  18. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 2.
  19. ^Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 2-3.
  20. ^ abcdePonsonby-Fane, p. 3.
  21. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 4.
  22. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 5.
  23. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 6.
  24. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 7.
  25. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
  26. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 9.
  27. ^コトバンク「履中天皇」
  28. ^コトバンク「反正天皇」
  29. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10.
  30. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 12.
  31. ^ abcdefghijKoch, W. (1904). Japan; Geschichte nach japanischen Quellen und ethnographische Skizzen. okänt einem Stammbaum des Kaisers von Japan, p. 13.
  32. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 13.
  33. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 14; excerpt, "Mikaguri Palace"
  34. ^Nussbaum, "Asuka" at p. 59.
  35. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 15.
  36. ^"枚方八景 樟葉宮跡の杜" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  37. ^"筒城宮伝承地（Tsutsuki-no-miya denshochi）" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  38. ^"弟国宮（Otokuni-no-miya）遷都1500年記念事業" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  39. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 16.
  40. ^ abcPonsonby-Fane, p. 17; except, "Palace of Kanahashi at Magari, Yamato"
  41. ^Brown, Delmer. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 262–263; excerpt, "... palace was Osada no Miya of Iware in the province of Yamato."
  42. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 18.
  43. ^Brown, p. 263; excerpt, "... palace was Namitsuki no Miya at Ikebe in the province of Yamato."
  44. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 19.
  45. ^ abcdefghijklAsuka Historical Museum, Palaces of the Asuka Period," 1995; retrieved 2011-11-25.
  46. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 20.
  47. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 21.
  48. ^ abなにわ活性化プロジェクト (Naniwa Revialization Project)[permanent dead link], August 24, 201; retrieved 2011-11-24.
  49. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 23.
  50. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 24.
  51. ^Nussbaum, "Ōtsu mo Miya" at p. 216.
  52. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 25.
  53. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 26.
  54. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 27.
  55. ^Nussbaum, "Fujiwara" at pp. 200–201.
  56. ^ abNussbaum, "Heijō-kyō" at p. 304.
  57. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 28.
  58. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 29.
  59. ^Nussbaum, "Kuni-kyō" at p. 574.
  60. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 30.
  61. ^ abNussbaum, "Naniwa" at p. 697.
  62. ^Nussbaum, "Nagaoka-kyō" at p. 216–217.
  63. ^ abPonsonby-Fane, p. 34.
  64. ^"長岡京とは" [About Nagaoka Palace] (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  65. ^ abNussbaum, "Heian-kyō" at pp. 303–304.
  66. ^Nussbaum, "Fukuhara" at pp. 216.
  67. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 37.
  68. ^"History of capitals of Japan". gbac. 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2022-12-19.

Further reading

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  • Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780700714094

External links

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Media related to Capital of Japan at Wikimedia Commons